1.
Mutation Screen Of "Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (Gaba)-A Receptor, Gamma 2" In Punjab Population
by Muhammad Javed Iqbal | Dr. Muhammad Wasim | Dr. Abu Saeed | Dr. Ali Raza Awan.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Epilepsy is a formidable form of neural disorder that can impose its long lasting effect on person's life and development. To date, it lacks any effective therapy and is multistep disease strengthened by an overwhelming number of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that streamline epileptic attacks. This particular study encompasses two major types of epilepsy, CAE and GTCS by targeting a GABRG2 gene. Mutation analysis of the coding exons (exon 3, 5 and 9) was performed by direct sequencing of GABRG2 in order to sought out complex biological entities in both types of epilepsies. GABRG2 is a molecule that has recently been characterized as the culprit for epileptic seizures onset. GABRG2 encodes GABA receptor that is fundamental inhibitory neurotransmitter in mammalian brain and is a ligand-gated chloride channels. This ligand-receptor coupling results in the inward shuttling of chloride ions through the channels and this hyperpolarizes the neurons, which induce the inhibitory effect of neurotransmitters. Direct sequencing of candidate gene "GABRG2" traced out a single polymorphic site in the exon 3 of the CAE as well as GTCS cases. However, this single nucleotide alteration is more commonly identified in childhood absence epilepsy patients as compared to the generalized cases. Silent mutation was identified at locus 27909 C>T of 46.66% of the total screened or analyzed cases.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1500,T] (1).
2.
Optimization For The Production Of Amylase By Geobacillus Sbs-4S
by Nasreen abdul jabbar | Dr. Muhammad Tayyab | Dr. Ali Raza awan | Ms. Asma waris.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1905,T] (1).
3.
Molecular Phylogeny And Diversity Analysis Of Gazella Bennettii (Chinkara) Deer Of Pakistan Using D- Loop Region Of Mitochondrial DNA
by Maleekah zaheer | Dr. Muhammad yasir zahoor | DR. Ali raza awan | Miss. Faiza.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1985,T] (1).
4.
Mutational Screening Of The RB1 Gene In Pakistani Patients With Retinoblastoma
by Saeeda Kalsoom (2007-VA-555) | Dr. Muhammad Wasim) | Dr. Khushnooda Ramzan | Dr. Ali Raza Awan | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Retinoblastoma is a neonatal intraocular tumor caused by biallelic inactivation of RB1 gene. Rb
patients and asymptomatic carriers undergo a series of clinical tests for diagnosis and tumor
treatment. These clinical examinations prove to be expensive and time consuming. On the other
hand if the proband’s RB1 gene mutation status is determined by genetic testing, it can prove as
more significant and cost effective diagnostic methods. Secondly, only those asymptomatic or at
risk carriers with the mutation, require clinical surveillance while those proven to be unaffected
do not require additional clinical examinations. Furthermore early diagnosis of Rb by molecular
testing can enable and enhance clinical management, earlier treatment, follow-up care, carrier
screening, genetic counseling, prenatal diagnosis and reproductive planning in predisposed
families. Irrespective of the importance of molecular testing of Rb patients, in Pakistan only a
few clinical reports on Rb are available so, there was a dire need to find RB1 mutations in
Pakistani Rb patients and to set a molecular based diagnosis for poor affected families. Keeping
in view the importance of molecular diagnosis, in this study a reliable genetic test has been
developed to detect the RB1 germline mutations in Pakistani Rb patients.
During this study, 70 Rb patients including 38 unilateral and 32 bilateral cases were enrolled,
from different regions of Pakistan. By using direct sequencing method, seven novel and twelve
reported RBI mutations were found. The novel mutations included three frameshift mutations
(c.1116_1119delCACT in exon 11, c.1436_1437delAC in exon 16 and c.2060_2061insTCATT
in exon 20) and four substitutions (c.148G>T in exon 2, c.610G>T in exon 2, g.94G>C in exon
7, c.947A>T in exon 10 and g.1991G>C in promoter region) while twelve reported mutations in
146
22 patients included, 9 substitutions (c.160G>T in exon 2, c.289G>T in exon 3, c.751C>T in
exon 8, c.920C>T in exon 9, c.967G>T in exon 10, c.1072C>T in exon 11, c.1654C>T in exon
17, c.2063T>C in exon 20 and c.2359C>T in exon 23), one frameshift mutation (c.772_776del in
exon 8) and two splice site mutations (c.380+1G>T and c.1215+1G>A in intron 3 and 12
respectively). Mutation detection rate was found to be 77.8% in (7/9) bilateral familial, 50% in
(2/4) unilateral familial, 56.5% in (13/23) bilateral sporadic and 14.7% in (5/34) unilateral
sporadic patients while overall rate of mutations in bilateral and unilateral patients was detected
as 62.5% (20/32) and 18.4% (7/38) respectively. Beside mutations one novel c.940-64C>T
(intron 9) and nine reported intronic variants c.380+45 C>T (intron 3), c.501-77G>A (intron 4),
c.1128-72T>G (intron 11), c.1695+99A>T (intron 17), c.1695-1696delAA (intron 17), c.1815-
104A>G (intron 18), c.1961-10T>C (intron 19), c.2663+33T>C (intron 25) and c.2664-10T>A
(intron 25) were also found. Carrier screening facility was also provided to six asymptomatic
siblings (as possible carriers) of familial proband but none of them was found to be diseased.
Hopefully, in future the findings and developed protocol of this study will help to reveal the
molecular basis of Rb in Pakistani Rb patients which additionally help to secure vision and life
of Rb patients. Further, in Pakistan there is dire need to develop “National Rb Registry Centre”,
to register all new Rb cases for finding incidence rate and prevalence of Rb in Pakistan. Beside
this other related issues like financial constraints, health education, planning and awareness
about Rb, occupational training for health providers, capacity building for neonatal
ophthalmologic screening and cosmetic rehabilitation for surviving Rb patients are important and
should consider. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2370-T] (1).
5.
Production, Purification & Characterization Of Recombinant Thermostable Phytase And Its Biological Evaluation In Broiler Chicks
by Furqan Sabir (2007-VA-524) | Dr. Muhammad Tayyab | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Ali Raza Awan.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Phytate is the principle storage form of phosphorus in plants particularly in cereal grains and legumes. Mono-gastric animals doesn’t have ability to utilize phytate as phosphorus source. The animals release the undigested phytate from body with manure that cause environmental pollution. Phytases are responsible for the hydrolysis of phytate, resulting in availability of free phosphorus for the animal. The present study deals with the production and characterization of recombinant thermostable phytase and its biological evaluation in the broiler chicks. The PCR resulted in the amplification of 1.8 kb phytase gene using the genomic DNA of Thermotoga naphthophila as template. The purified PCR product was ligated in pTZ57R/T and the ligated material was utilized for the transformation of E.coli DH5α cells. The positive clones were selected on the basis of blue white screening. The restriction digestion of plasmid DNA from positive clones using NdeI and Hind III resulted in the release insert from the vector. The purified phytase gene after restriction digestion was ligated into pET21a already restricted with the same restriction enzymes and the expression was analyzed using E.coli BL21 CodonPlus (DEL) cells. SDS-PAGE demonstrated the intra-cellular production of recombinant phytase. The conditions were optimized for the optimal production of recombinant phytase (PHYTN). The maximal production of PHYTN was recorded when the BL21 CodonPlus cells having recombinant pET21a having phytase gene were induced with 1.4 mM IPTG and 6 hours post induction incubation period. The recombinant protein was purified using various chromatographic techniques and the purified protein was utilized for characterization. PHYTN showed optimal activity at 80 °C and pH 6 in sodium acetate buffer. The enzyme was found metal dependent and presence of Fe3+ or Cu2+ showed enhancing effect on PHYTN activity. Thermostability studies demonstrated that PHYTN retains 90% residual
SUMMARY
71
activity when the protein was incubated at 80 °C for 1h in the presence of 1.5 mM Fe3+. The kinetic studies of PHYTN demonstrated km and Vmax values of 50 mM and 2500 μmole/min respectively when sodium phytate was used as substrate. The characterized PHYTN was used for poultry trials to check the efficacy of the enzyme in poultry birds.
The results depicted that PHYTN put significant effect on the bird weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency ratio. Presence of 1000 IU/kg of PHYTN resulted in the weight gain in 3rd, 4th and 5th week of trials from 504.766 to 533.535 g, 767.933 to 823.733 g and 999.833 to 1120.277 g respectively when compared with the control. The study demonstrated that this recombinant thermostable phytase is suitable for poultry feed industry and its domestic production will contribute the economic availability of PHYTN for the poultry feed industry. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2870-T] (1).
6.
Mutational Analysis Of Cacna1ggene Implicated In Childhood Absence Epilepsy And Its Comparative Genomics In Mice
by Fiza Idrees (2015-VA-803) | Dr. Muhammad Wasim | Dr. Ali Raza Awan | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmed Anjum.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) is the subtype of Idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE). It accounts for 2-8% of patients with epilepsy. The frequency of CAE is more in girls than boys. The percentage of CAE in youngsters is 10-12%. In addition to CACNA1G, many other genes can be the possible cause of CAE. The pattern of inheritance of CAE is polygenic and complex. SNP might be a gain of function mutation in T- channel genes that results in increase T-type calcium channel activity. Ion channel genes and genes for GABA receptors are affected in epilepsy. By using various techniques of molecular genetics mutations have detected in genes of calcium channels (CACNA1H,CACNA1I, CACNA1A, CACNA1G and CACNB4), in genes of sodium channels like (SCN1B, SCN2A, SCN1A ) and genes for GABA receptor (GABRG2 and GABRD ). Gain of function mutation in CACNA1G gene and increased activity of α1G channels are the possible reason for abnormal SWD in absence epilepsy.
Aim of this study was to assess acknowledged and/or the novel mutations in CACNA1G gene obtained from local childhood epileptic patients.
Blood samples (n=20) were obtained from CAE patients. These samples were collected from children hospital Lahore. Organic method was used to extract DNA from these collected samples. Specific primers were designed for exon 13 and 17 and these exonic regions were amplified using PCR.
After PCR, sequencing of PCR products was performed and then sequencing results were analyzed using chromas lite software.
It has been observed that CACNA1G gene has two mutations in exon 17. It was noticed that protein sequence was altered and the positions of mutations were 38594bp and at 38635bp 38594bp and at 38635 bp. So SNP was detected and there was a gain of function mutation α1G channel activity. In conclusion, these mutations are responsible for absence seizures in CAE patients.
So, it can be concluded that to find out how individuals get affected by these mutations and what factors are involved in causing such mutation, a large scale study should be conducted.In addition, other genes involved in causing epilepsy should also be investigated in local Pakistani Punjab population. As a result of such studies, various diagnostic procedures, strategies for counseling and gene therapies can develop.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2925-T] (1).
7.
Genetic Characterization Of Pakistani Lathy Pigeons Using D-Loop, Cyt B And 16S Rrna Genes As Genetic Marker
by Muhammad Umair Latif | Ms. Sehrish Firyal | Dr. Ali Raza Awan | Dr. Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1399,T] (1).
8.
Differential Expression And Mutation Analysis Of Heat Shock Proteins (Hsps) And Tumor Suppressor Gene (P53) In Differemt Cancer Types of Pakistani Dogs and Cats
by Rashid Saif | Dr. Muhammad Wasim | Dr. Ali Raza Awan | Dr. Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2170,T] (1).
9.
Molecular Characterization of Pakistani Common Leopard
by Muhammad Usman Ijaz (2012-VA-908) | Dr. Sehrish Firyal | Dr. Ali Raza Awan | Dr. Muhammad Tayyab.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: CD not available. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2379-T] (1).
10.
Comparison Of Antifungal Activity Of Human Salivary Histatin Between Diabetic And Nondiabetic Individuals
by Farid-Ul-Haq (2013-VA-555) | Prof. Dr. Tahir Yaqub | Dr. Ali Raza Awan | Dr. Muhammad Tayyab.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Histatins are antimicrobial proteins found in human saliva. These proteins have also been
observed to have the ability to aid in wound healing in various organisms. The genes HTN1 and
HTN3 have been studied to govern these proteins. Histatin proteins have a vast array of
antimicrobial properties. While a fungus, Candida albicans or C. albicans is a part of the human
normal gut flora, it is a threat to people who have a compromised immune system. An
overgrowth of the fungi belonging to the Candida family leads to candidiasis in humans, and oral
candidiasis has been reported to a large extent namely in diabetic patients. The antifungal
activity of histatin proteins laid the basis of the current research work.
In this study, the antifungal activity of saliva from a total of 64 healthy and diabetic
human samples against Candida albicans has been evaluated. The samples of both healthy and
diabetic human samples belong from different age ranges: 15-25, 25-35, 35-45 and 45-55 years
in order to change in antifungal activity with respect to age of an individual. Antifungal activity
was observed through both agar well and agar disk diffusion methods, with agar disk diffusion
methods showing positive results. According to the outcomes of this study at least 120μL of
healthy saliva sample is required to create a zone of inhibition. Saliva from diabetic individuals
showed no antifungal results.
This occurrence led to the next part of this study involving amplification of HTN3 gene.
The nucleotide sequences of both healthy and diabetic individuals were compared together and
showed that the absence of antifungal activity in diabetic individuals might have reasons other
than a genetic one, according to this study. The results observed from the present study indicate
that healthy human saliva possesses antifungal activity against Candida albicans. In accordance
Summary
39
to these results, the naturally occurring antimicrobial activity of histatin proteins present in
human saliva can have immense use in the field of medicine. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2341-T] (1).
11.
Lactoferrin Gene Polymorphism in Dairy Cattle
by Syeda Iqra Aiman Bukhari (2009-VA-556) | Dr. Sehrish Firyal | Dr. Ali Raza Awan | Dr. Muhammad Tayyab.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Several factors militate against realizing the milk production potential of cows. Mastitis is the most costly and the prevalent production-limiting disease of dairy animals in Pakistan and elsewhere in the world. It is accompanied by elevated Somatic cell count (SCC) in the milk and estimated genetic correlation between SCC and mastitis ranges between 0.53-0.77. Susceptibility and resistance to mastitis is a complex trait and influenced by genetic variation of animals. Among these variations, the polymorphism in Lactoferrin gene (LTF) plays an important role in the immune response to mastitis.
Polymorphism in intron 6 of LTF gene is associated with mastitis susceptibility and resistance. It is a potential candidate gene for imparting resistance mastitis in dairy cows.
The present study was designed for the identification of polymorphism in LTF gene associated with mastitis. Milk and blood samples were collected from 20 Sahiwal cows having clinical and subclinical mastitis. SCC of milk samples was performed using serial dilutions. 10 normal Sahiwal cows as control were included in present study. DNA was extracted from blood using organic extraction and kit method followed by DNA quantification. Amplification of LTF gene was designed by using already reported primers obtained from NCBI.
LTF gene was amplified and sequenced to get the full length sequence of this gene. Comparative analysis of the resulted sequences using NCBI BLAST was done.
Outcomes:
The results obtained from polymorphisms in LTF gene can play an important role for selection of mastitis resistant and susceptible dairy cows. This can be useful in selective breeding of cattle for enhanced immune response, as a tool to improve inherent animal health, which ultimately can lay the foundations to contain the magnitude of economic loss due to mastitis.
Develop a biological response modifier that will promote a sustained immunity of the mammary teat and protect the gland from invading pathogens. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2416-T] (1).
12.
Snp Genotyping Of Cacna1a Gene Implicated In Childhood Absence Epilepsy (Cae)
by Wajeeha Tariq (2010-VA-487) | Dr. Muhammad Wasim | Dr. Ali Raza Awan | Dr. Muhammad tayyab.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) is more pediatric epileptic syndrome. It is about 5 to 15% of all childhood epilepsies. CAE is polygenic and multifactorial syndrome. Many different genes other than CACNA1A gene are involved to cause the CAE collectively. Mutation in P/Q type alpha 1 A subunit channel (Cav2.1) gene CACNA1A, leading to the reduction of Cav2.1 activity in both neurons and in expression system. Reduction in Cav2.1 channel activity altered the neurotransmitter release at neocortical synapses. Molecular genetics techniques have identified various mutation in the genes of ion channels such (CACNA1A, CACNA1G, CACNA1H, CACNB4), sodium channel genes (SCN1A, SCN1B and SCN2A) and GABA receptor genes (GABRD and GABRG2). CACNA1A ion channels are the standard mediator of neurotransmission in Central nervous system (CNS) and mutations in this gene play significant role in the generation of absence seizures. Pore forming alpha 1 a (Cav2.1) channels encoded by CACNA1A gene and are usually located in presynaptic neuron.
Present study was aimed to examine coding regions of CACNA1A gene for analyzing the mutations involve in epilepsy.
Blood samples (n = 40) of true CAE representatives were collected from Children hospital Lahore. DNA was isolated from all blood samples through standard organic method. Amplification of CACNA1A gene exon 36 regions was done with specially designed primers.
Later on, results were analyzed through sequencing of target region. Sequenced samples were analyzed through BioEdit software and alignment was done through Clustal Omega software.
It has been identified that absence epileptic patients of Pakistan showed Mutation in exon 36 of CACNA1A gene at position 281258bp and 281285bp which alter the protein sequence. Due to frame shift mutation a stop codon was detected at position 1813 in protein sequence. So a truncated and loss of function Cav2.1 channel might be formed. In epileptic patients, mutation is responsible for the absence seizures.
In the conclusion, we can say that additional study with large number sample is required to amend the effects of these mutations and their associated factors are precisely and perfectly identified. Further, there is need to investigate the other gene variation causing epilepsy in the local population of Punjab Pakistan. This study will ultimately help to develop genetic counseling strategies, gene therapies and parental diagnostic procedures for the Pakistani population.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2746-T] (1).
13.
Polymorphisms Of Bovine Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Gene And Its Association With Mastitis In Sahiwal Cows
by Huma Sattar (2013-VA-03) | Dr. Sehrish Firyal | Dr. Ali Raza Awan | Dr. Muhammad Tayyab.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Mastitis is one of the shocking maladies of milch animals causing high production losses to livestock industry of Pakistan (Kenyanjui et al. 2011). It is an inflammatory condition of udder; represent a major problem in dairy cow management. It is one of the most common and frequent disease of dairy industry. Producers suffer a huge loss due to veterinary treatment costs and necessary culling of the infected animals. It negatively affects the milk production, quality of milk, and farm economics (Fourichon et al. 2005). Increasing the disease resistance among dairy cattle is therefore desirable because without controlling mastitis, the national goals of developing dairy farming on commercial and scientific lines and production of wholesome milk which conforms to the standards of WTO Accord would remain elusive.
Mastitis is inflammation of udder that caused by physiological and metabolical changes (Schalm and Noorlander 1957). There are two main types of mastitis; clinical mastitis (characterized by classical symptoms i.e., swelling of udder, redness, clumps and clots in milk etc) and sub-clinical mastitis (not show any symptoms, Milk appear normal, udder appear normal) (Schrick et al. 2001). Mastitis is ranked as a top disease of dairy herds (Rinaldi et al. 2010). This mammary gland infection caused by pathogenic micro organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis, and Esherichia coli in the mammary gland (Heringstad et al. 2000).
India, China and United States are the larger producer of milk and Pakistan is on forth number in milk yield. Pakistan almost produces 36.5 million tons of milk yeild per year (Cady et al. 1983).The Sahiwal breed is well known among for its superior dairy qualities (Barker et al. 1998). Both cross and pure breed Sahiwal cows have high milk production rate (Khan et al. 2013).
It is very difficult to comprehend this disease because numerous environmental and genetic factors are involved in the origin and development of mastitis (Bradley 2002; Carvajal et al. 2013). Susceptibility and resistance to mastitis is a complex trait influenced by genetic variation of animals. Among these variations, the polymorphisms in immunity genes are principal key factors in defensive mechanism of mammary gland (Ibeagha-Awemu et al. 2008).
The mammary gland tissue is protected by immune system by two defense system; innate and acquired immunity. Innate immunity response by the host is a quick response of bacterial defense system (Mesquita et al. 2012). Innate system is a rapid and effective mechanism that activated on recognition of antigen (Akira et al. 2006). Innate immune system is activated when specific pattern recognition receptors (PRR) that are present on the surfaces which are attach to the specific pathogen (Shuster et al. 1996). PRR are presnt on leucocytes in milk and on the epithelial cells lining of udder. It is reported that T- lymphocyte subset i.e., CD4+, CD8+ and ɤδT are present in infected bovine mammary glands. (Goldammer et al. 2004; Strandberg et al. 2005).
Innate defense (nonspecific) of the mammary gland is stimulated by the physical barrier such as teat end, natural killer (NK) cells, neutrophils, macrophages and certain other soluble factors. The teat cannals are considering the main line of defense. Microorganisms enter from teat canal in milk. The main roles of teat sphincter muscles are to remain orifice close so that bacteria cannot enter. This teat canal also lined with keratin, whose estrified and non estified fatty acid function as bacteriostatics that provide protection and play role to eliminate bacteria causing mastitis (Oviedo-Boyso et al. 2007).
If a pathogen is not eliminated by the physical barrier, the acquired immune system is triggered. In comparison, this system is much faster than other immune response. The memory response is significantly stronger, long durable and more efficient to kill the pathogen. The acquired immune system (memory response) have ability to differentiate self or nonself cells and produce antibodies only against antigens through membrane bound protein called major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Specific immune system activate only when antigens bind with an MHC that is present on the surface of certain cells, this process is referred as antigen presentation. Recognition of pathogenic factors for elimination is mediated by macrophages, several lymphoid, and immunoglobulins (Ig) or antibodies (Sordillo and Streicher 2002).
The most acute responding macrophages and T-cell cytokines are TNF-α, LTF, IL1, IL6, IL8, and IFN-ɤ present in intramammary infection in cows. These genes play important role in improvement of immunity to mastitis (Burton and Erskine 2003).
Tumor necrosis factor alpha is main pro-inflammatory adipokine that is part of systematic immune defense. The main function of TNF-α gene is responsible for proliferation, differentiation and activity of many immune system cells; B lymphocytes, NK (natural killer). It also induces the production and release of many other cytokines (Wojdak Maksymiec et al. 2013) and also enhances the chemotactic and phagocytic effects of immune response. TNF-α gene contains four exons and three introns that are present on chromosome BTA23q22 (Bannerman 2009; Moyes et al. 2009).
TNF-α is a member of a group of cytokines that stimulate the specific immune system. TNF consist of 212 amino acid arranged in stable homotrimers (Kriegler et al. 1988; Tang et al. 1996). The 17-kilodalton (kDa) TNF protomers are composed of two β-pleated sheets and β-strands, joined together antiparallel (Tang et al. 1996).
TNF-α is a component of natural protection systems of humans and animals. Milk gives nourishment and disease resistance to the new born. Various cellular and soluble immune components are important for protecting the mammary gland from infectious diseases like mastitis. Mastitis affects one third of all dairy cows and cost the dairy industry about 2 million dollars annually (National Mastitis Council (1996). Dairy cattle are especially susceptible to mastitis due to diminished mammary gland defense mechanisms (Sordillo and Streicher 2002).
TNF-α is not only produced by activation of macrophages, but also other cell types such as CD4+ lymphocytes, NK cells, neutrophils, mast cells, eosinophils, and neurons. Large amounts of TNF are released in response to lipopolysaccharide, other bacterial products, and Interleukin-1 (IL-1).TNF-α stimulates the proliferation, differentiation and activity of many immune system cells; B lymphocytes, NK (natural killer). TNF-α induces the release of many other cytokines (Wojdak-Maksymiec and Mikolajczyk 2012). TNF-α also enhance the chemotactic and phagocytic effects of immune response.
. The present study is designed to determine the genetic polymorphism in exon 4 of TNF-α gene of mastitic cows and its association resistance and susceptibility towards mastitis.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2224-T] (1).
